Evolution of elemental abundances during B-class solar flares: soft X-ray spectral measurements with Chandrayaan-2 XSM

Abstract

The Solar X-ray Monitor (XSM) payload on board Chandrayaan-2 provides disk-integrated solar spectra in the 1�15 keV energy range with an energy resolution of 180 eV (at 5.9 keV) and a cadence of 1 s. During the period from 2019 September to 2020 May, covering the minimum of Solar Cycle 24, it observed nine B-class flares ranging from B1.3 to B4.5. Using time-resolved spectroscopic analysis during these flares, we examined the evolution of temperature, emission measure, and absolute elemental abundances of four elements�Mg, Al, Si, and S. These are the first measurements of absolute abundances during such small flares and this study offers a unique insight into the evolution of absolute abundances as the flares evolve. Our results demonstrate that the abundances of these four elements decrease toward their photospheric values during the peak phase of the flares. During the decay phase, the abundances are observed to quickly return to their preflare coronal values. The depletion of elemental abundances during the flares is consistent with the standard flare model, suggesting the injection of fresh material into coronal loops as a result of chromospheric evaporation. To explain the quick recovery of the so-called coronal "First Ionization Potential bias" we propose two scenarios based on the Ponderomotive force model.