Viscoelastic characterization of phantoms for ultrasound elastography created using low- and high-viscosity poly(vinyl alcohol) with ethylene glycol as the cryoprotectant

Abstract

Ultrasound elastography enables noninvasive characterization of the tissue mechanical properties. Phantoms are widely used in ultrasound elastography for developing, testing, and validating imaging techniques. Creating phantoms with a range of viscoelastic properties relevant to human organs and pathological conditions remains an active area of research. Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) cryogel phantoms offer a long shelf life, robustness, and convenient handling and storage. The goal of this study was to develop tunable phantoms using PVA with a clinically relevant range of viscoelastic properties. We combined low- and high-viscosity PVA to tune the viscoelastic properties of the phantom. Further, phantoms were created with an ethylene glycol-based cryoprotectant to determine whether it reduces the variability in the viscoelastic properties. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was performed to evaluate the differences in microstructure between phantoms. The density, longitudinal sound speed, and acoustic attenuation spectra (5–20 MHz) of the phantoms were measured. The phantoms were characterized using a shear wave viscoelastography approach assuming the Kelvin–Voigt model. Microstructural differences were revealed by SEM between phantoms with and without a cryoprotectant and with different PVA mixtures. The longitudinal sound speed and attenuation power-law fit exponent of the phantoms were within the clinical range (1510–1571 m/s and 1.23–1.38, respectively). The measured shear modulus (G) ranged from 3.3 to 17.7 kPa, and the viscosity (η) ranged from 2.6 to 7.3 Pa·s. The phantoms with the cryoprotectant were more homogeneous and had lower shear modulus and viscosity (G = 2.17 ± 0.2 kPa; η = 2.0 ± 0.05 Pa·s) than those without a cryoprotectant (G = 3.93 ± 0.7 kPa; η = 2.6 ± 0.14 Pa·s). Notably, phantoms with relatively constant viscosities and varying shear moduli were achieved by this method. These findings advance the development of well-characterized viscoelastic phantoms for use in elastography.